镉、铅在玉米幼苗中的积累和迁移--X射线显微分析

用扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪及原子吸收分光光度计,测定经不同浓度镉、铅处理的玉米根、叶中镉、铅的积累。结果表明,铅的积累为皮层>中柱;木质部薄壁组织>导管。镉则相反。铅主要以非共质体途径在根内横向迁移,镉主要以共质体途径在根内横向迁移。原于吸收分光光度计测定表明,镉、铅主要在玉米根内沉积,镉铅复合作用促进了玉米根叶对镉、铅的吸收,镉比铅更易为玉米吸收且更易从根向叶迁移。     

应用EPIC模型计算黄土塬区作物生产潜力的初步尝试

黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀强烈,土地现实生产力水平低,研究该地区作物生产潜力可以为有效提高作物产量及合理进行农业生产规划提供依据。论文介绍了EPIC(侵蚀-生产力影响计算模型)的特点、组成部分及应用步骤,对部分作物参数进行了修订。以黄土塬区冬小麦和春玉米为例,对EPIC模型的适用性进行了分析和验证,表明EPIC在黄土高原地区作物生产潜力模拟研究中具有较好的适用性。结果显示,冬小麦产量模拟值与实测值之间多年平均误差为7.78%;春玉米多年平均误差为9.60%。冬小麦水分胁迫天数多年平均为9.9天,最少为1.7天(1993年),最多为23.1天(1995年);春玉米水分胁迫天数多年平均为13.4天,最少为1.1天(1993年),最多为44.2天(1995年),与各年作物生育期降水情况基本一致。此模型经修正后在正常年份模拟值较为精确,在干旱年份对作物、土壤等参数的修正方法需要进一步探讨。     

水分胁迫对燥红土和变性土上生长的玉米叶片几种酶活性的影响

采用盆栽控制试验，研究了不同处理条件下，水分胁迫对金沙江干热河谷典型土壤(燥红土和变性土)生长的玉米(Zea mays L.)叶片中几种酶活性的影响．结果表明：(1)在一定的水分胁迫范围内，玉米叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASP)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均随着土壤含水量的降低而升高，但过度胁迫时，酶活性降低；(2)随着土壤含水量降低，玉米叶片中保护酶活性的变化规律略有差异，这与二者的土壤物理性质有关；(3)施肥处理和栽培方式对玉米叶片的酶活性有影响，增施有机肥和Zn肥可提高适度水分亏缺条件下玉米叶片中POD、CAT、ASP和PPO活性．图4参35     

生长调节剂对春玉米氮素代谢关键酶活性的影响

采用大田小区试验,通过新型植物生长调节剂处理春玉米,研究了生长调节剂对玉米氮素代谢关键酶活性的影响,结果表明,喷施不同配方的生长调节剂能明显提高春玉米氮代谢过程中关键酶的活性。在生长调节剂PGR2处理下,玉米功能叶片中硝酸还原酶(NR)活性比对照提高了109.3%～138.3%,其它处理下硝酸还原酶活性也有不同程度的提高;无论在玉米功能叶片还是籽粒中,谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酰胺转化酶活性在测定的各时期均高于对照;功能叶片中蛋白水解酶活性也均高于对照。在所有处理中,以PGR2处理效果最佳。     

外加不同铁源和丛枝菌根对砷污染土壤上玉米生长及磷、砷吸收的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验研究了添加不同铁源及接种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuecular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对高砷污染土壤上玉米生长及其吸收磷、砷、铁、锰、铜和锌的影响.试验结果表明,与对照相比,添加硫酸亚铁并接种AMF显著地提高了土壤有效铁、锰含量,降低了土壤中水溶性砷、磷含量以及玉米地上部砷的含量,并极大地增加了植株对磷的吸收,提高了植株体内磷砷吸收量之比,从而明显地改善了植株的菌根建成和生长状况.在不接种情况下,硫酸亚铁和石灰混合处理显著地降低了土壤水溶性砷、磷含量及根系砷含量,并明显增加了磷的吸收以及磷、砷吸收量的比值,使玉米植株生物量和根长增加的幅度较其它铁源处理时更大.尽管添加铁尾矿砂增加了土壤水溶性磷的含量以及植株磷的吸收而在一定程度上改善了玉米的生长,但这种效果以不接种时更为明显,因而有必要根据土壤的污染程度调整铁尾矿砂的添加量和接种抗性菌株,以强化植物的抗砷能力.     

Degradation of corn stalk by the composite microbial system of MC1

The composite microbial system of MC1 was used to degrade corn stalk in order to determine properties of the degraded products as well as bacterial composition of MC1. Results indicated that the pH of the fermentation broth was typical of lignocellulose degradation by MC1, decreasing in the early phase and increasing in later stages of the degradation. The microbial biomass peaked on the day 3 after degradation. The MC1 efficiently degraded the corn stalk by nearly 70% during which its cellulose content decreased by 71.2%, hemicellulose by 76.5% and lignin by 24.6%. The content of water-soluble carbohydrates （WSC） in the fermentation broth increased progressively during the first three days, and decreased thereafter, suggesting an accumulation of WSC in the early phase of the degradation process. Total levels of various volatile products peaked in the third day after degradation, and 7 types of volatile products were detected in the fermentation broth. These were ethanol, acetic acid, 1,2-ethanediol, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, 3- methyl-butanoic acid and glycerine. Six major compounds were quantitatively analysed and the contents of each compound were ethanol （0.584 g/L）, acetic acid （0.735 g/L）, 1,2-ethanediol （0.772 g/L）, propanoic acid （0.026 g/L）, butanoic acid （0.018 g/L） and glycerine （4.203 g/L）. Characterization of bacterial cells collected from the culture solution, based on 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE analysis of DNAs, showed that the composition of bacterial community in MC1 coincided basically with observations from previous studies. This indicated that the structure of MC1 is very stable during degradation of different lignocellulose materials.     

用13C脉冲标记法研究玉米光合碳分配及其向地下的输入

研究玉米生长对土壤有机碳的贡献对了解农田碳平衡与农业生产之间的关系具有重要意义.应用4次¹³C脉冲标记对不同生育时期（苗期、拔节、抽雄和灌浆期）玉米光合碳在玉米-土壤系统中的分配特征进行了为期1个生长季的研究.结果表明,留在地上部的¹³C占玉米净吸收¹³C的百分含量,在灌浆期标记时最大,为80.01%.在不同生育时期,玉米向地下转移的¹³C比例分别为43.24%、46.46%、30.30%和19.99%;此部分¹³C中有34.68%～77.56%被根际呼吸消耗,16.63%～57.02%存在于根部,5.05%～8.30%通过根际沉积转化为土壤有机碳.整个生育期内,玉米分配到地上部、根部、根际呼吸和土壤有机碳中的光合碳量,分别占净吸收碳量的62.39%、17.88%、17.07%和2.67%.在拔节、抽雄和灌浆期,玉米的根际呼吸分别占土壤呼吸总量的67.07%、63.31%和28.82%;同时其根际激发效应使土壤原有有机碳分解分别增加了31.11%、79.09%和120.83%.以大田玉米地上部干重18 t·hm^-2、含碳量42%计算,玉米在其生育期内输入到地下的总碳量为4.6 t·hm^-2,其中有2.1 t·hm^-2通过根际呼吸进入大气,2.2 t·hm^-2存在于根中,0.33 t·hm^-2转化为土壤有机碳.     

高产施肥条件下水稻穗粒数与茎粗关系

在三个高产水稻课题的研究和推广过程中，研究了水稻的穗粒数与茎粗之间的关系，其关系符合直线方程Y=a＋bX。因此认为在水稻栽培中．必须培育茎秆粗壮的高产群体。     

Determination of glyphosate residue in maize and rice using a fast and easy method involving liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

A fast and easy method was developed for the determination of glyphosate in maize and rice by using liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with a Dionex Ion Pack column and phosphate buffer mobile phase. Samples were extracted with an acidified methanol solution. An isotope-labeled internal standard was added to the sample before extraction to ensure accurate tracking and quantification. The method’s performance was evaluated through a series of assessments to determine the accuracy, precision, linearity, matrix effect, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The mean recoveries for both matrices were within 70–105% at three fortification levels, including the LOQ. The precision for replicates was <20% (RSD%) for both matrices. Good linearity (R²=0.9982) was obtained over the concentration range of 0.01–1.5?mg kg^?1. The LOD was determined to be 0.002?mg kg^?1 for rice and 0.004?mg kg^?1 for maize. The LOQ was 0.01?mg kg^?1 for both maize and rice. Due to its versatility, the proposed method could be considered useful for the determination of glyphosate in cereals in routine analysis.